Liberalism Dictionary
These concepts are crucial to know when it comes to writing exam responses
Altruism - concerns for the interests and welfare of others, based either upon enlightened self-interest or a belief in a common humanity
Atomism - a belief that society is made up of a collection of self-interested and largely self-sufficient individuals or atoms, rather than social groups
Atomism - a belief that society is made up of a collection of self-interested and largely self-sufficient individuals or atoms, rather than social groups
Classical liberalism - a tradition within liberalism that seeks to maximise the realm of unconstrained individual
Civil liberty - the private sphere of existence, belonging to the citizen and not the state - freedom from government
Civil society - a realm of autonomous associations and groups, formed by private citizens and enjoying independence from the government - civil society includes businesses, clubs, families etc.
Democracy - rule by the people, implies that both popular participation and government work in the interest of the public, and can be seen in wide varieties e.g. the UK and China both claim to be democracies
Devolution - a transfer of power from central government to subordinate regional bodies, without leading to shared sovereignty
Equality - the principle that human beings are of identical worth or are entitled to be treated in the same way - equality can be widely differing in applications
Civil liberty - the private sphere of existence, belonging to the citizen and not the state - freedom from government
Civil society - a realm of autonomous associations and groups, formed by private citizens and enjoying independence from the government - civil society includes businesses, clubs, families etc.
Democracy - rule by the people, implies that both popular participation and government work in the interest of the public, and can be seen in wide varieties e.g. the UK and China both claim to be democracies
Devolution - a transfer of power from central government to subordinate regional bodies, without leading to shared sovereignty
Equality - the principle that human beings are of identical worth or are entitled to be treated in the same way - equality can be widely differing in applications
Freedom - the ability to act or think as one wishes, a capacity that can be associated with the individual, a social or group nation
- Negative freedom - the absence of external restrictions/constraints on the individual, allowing freedom of choice
- Positive freedom - "self-mastery" or self-realisation, the achievement of autonomy and the development of human characteristics
Feudalism - a system of agrarian based on production that is characterised by fixed social hierarchies and a rigid pattern of obligations
Government - the machinery through which collective decisions are made on behalf of the state. Usually compromising a legislature, executive and judiciary
Human rights - to which people are entitled to by virtue of being a human being, they are universal and fundamental rights
Justice - a moral standard of fairness and impartiality, social justice is the notion of a fair or justifiable distribution of wealth and rewards in society
Keynesianism - a theory by J.M Keynes or policy of economic management, associated with regulating aggregate demand to achieve full employment
Laissez-faire - the doctrine that economic activity should be entirely free from government interference, an extreme belief in the free market.
Law - established and public rules of social conduct, backed up bu the machinery of the state - the police, courts and prisons etc.
Majoritarianism - a belief in majority rule - it implies either that the majority dominates the minority or that the minority should defer to the judgement of the majority
Market fundamentalism - an absolute faith in the market which reflects the belief that the market mechanism offers solutions to all economic and social problems
Mercantilism - a school of economic thought that emphasises the state's role in managing international trade and delivering prosperity
Meritocracy - literally rule with those with merit, that being intelligence plus effort, a society which social position is determined exclusively by ability and hard work
Natural rights - God-given rights that are fundamental to human beings and therefore are inalienable
Government - the machinery through which collective decisions are made on behalf of the state. Usually compromising a legislature, executive and judiciary
Human rights - to which people are entitled to by virtue of being a human being, they are universal and fundamental rights
Justice - a moral standard of fairness and impartiality, social justice is the notion of a fair or justifiable distribution of wealth and rewards in society
Keynesianism - a theory by J.M Keynes or policy of economic management, associated with regulating aggregate demand to achieve full employment
Laissez-faire - the doctrine that economic activity should be entirely free from government interference, an extreme belief in the free market.
Law - established and public rules of social conduct, backed up bu the machinery of the state - the police, courts and prisons etc.
Majoritarianism - a belief in majority rule - it implies either that the majority dominates the minority or that the minority should defer to the judgement of the majority
Market fundamentalism - an absolute faith in the market which reflects the belief that the market mechanism offers solutions to all economic and social problems
Mercantilism - a school of economic thought that emphasises the state's role in managing international trade and delivering prosperity
Meritocracy - literally rule with those with merit, that being intelligence plus effort, a society which social position is determined exclusively by ability and hard work
Natural rights - God-given rights that are fundamental to human beings and therefore are inalienable
Paternalism - authority exercised from above for guidance and support of those below, modeled on relationships between children and fathers
Pluralism - a belief in diversity or choice or the theory that political power is or should be widely and evenly dispersed
Social contract - a hypothetical agreement among individuals through which they form a state in order to escape from the disorder and chaos of the "state of nature"
State - an association that established sovereign power within a defined territorial area, usually possessing a monopoly of coercive power
State of nature - an ore-political society characterised by unrestrained freedom and the absence of established authority
Tolerance - forbearance, a willingness to accept views or actions in which one is in disagreement
Utilitarianism - A moral and political philosophy that evaluates "goodness" in terms of its utility and pleasure and pain - seeks to achieve "the greatest good for the greatest number"
Utility - use value, in economics it describes the satisfaction that is gained from the consumption of material goods and services
Welfare state - a state that takes primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens, discharged through a range of social-security, health, education and other services.
Pluralism - a belief in diversity or choice or the theory that political power is or should be widely and evenly dispersed
Social contract - a hypothetical agreement among individuals through which they form a state in order to escape from the disorder and chaos of the "state of nature"
State - an association that established sovereign power within a defined territorial area, usually possessing a monopoly of coercive power
State of nature - an ore-political society characterised by unrestrained freedom and the absence of established authority
Tolerance - forbearance, a willingness to accept views or actions in which one is in disagreement
Utilitarianism - A moral and political philosophy that evaluates "goodness" in terms of its utility and pleasure and pain - seeks to achieve "the greatest good for the greatest number"
Utility - use value, in economics it describes the satisfaction that is gained from the consumption of material goods and services
Welfare state - a state that takes primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens, discharged through a range of social-security, health, education and other services.
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