What are Socialism's Key Definitions? (10 Marks)

EQUALITY - Social equality (egalitarianism). Absolute vs. relative, essential to ensure social cohesion and fraternity, ensuing justice and equality and enlarging positive freedom. 

FREEDOM - positive, self-fulfilment through free creative labour or social interaction 

FRATERNITY - "brotherhood" bounds of sympathy and comradeship between and amongst human beings. We are tied in a common humanity 

CLASS CONFLICT - "class struggles" - tensions or antagonisms which exist in society due to competing socio-economic interests and contrasting desires within society. Marx and Engels - a product of capitalism and proletariat revolution is the only way to abolish it. 

SOCIAL JUSTICE - morally justifiable distrubtion of wealth, implying a greater committment to equality. The overiding principle of social democracy

COOPERATION - collective effort intended to achieve mutual benefit. Contrasts to competition, as it makes moral and economic sense to work cooperatively. Collective energies harnesssed not individual. 

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Fascism Essay Response: Why is Fascism often associated with Populism?

Why is Fascism often associated with Populism? (10 Marks)

Break down the question

Define and Explain:

• Populism is essentially the belief that the instincts of the people provide the principle legitimate guide to political action 
• Populist movements or parties are characterised by their claim to support he common in the fact or "corrupt economic or political elites who claim to know what is the best for the common people and good for the state as a whole."
• Populist politicians thus make a direct appeal to the people and claim to given expression to their deepest hopes and fears - they articulate the genuine interests of the people. Populist leaders distrust all intermediary institutions. 

Examples:

• In recent decades, the appeals made by extremist right wing movements to the "native" peoples of Western Europe and the USA to challenge the destruction of superior cultures and formerly healthier economies by on-white an non-Christian immigrants
• Mussolini and Hitler's direct appeal to "the people" emphasising solidarity and collective action as correctives to failing bourgeois liberal democratic regimes
• In Nazi Germany, emphasis on the "Volk" - the white, Aryan population and in Italy on true heirs of the Roman Empire. These groupings of people were regarded as noble, spiritual and creative, unlike the alien races and peoples who sought to undermine or failed to recognise such glorious heritages. 
• Distrust of the ruling classes on the basis of them being cosmopolitan, detached an elitist, in addition to being intellectually arrogant and ignorant of the needs and aspirations of the "ordinary' people. 

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Fascism Essay Response: Explain why Fascism is described as being Anti-Intellectual and Anti-Rational.

Explain why Fascism is described as being "Anti-Intellectual" and "Anti-Rational." (10 Marks)

Break down the question:

Define and Explain:

• One reason for supporting this description lies in the roots of the ideology - essentially the voluntaristic idea that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason - Nietzsche's critique of the view that humans act in accordance with reason. Fascists preferred to "think with blood" relying on intuition, action and emotion rather than on reflection and reason, acting from the "heart rather than the head." 
• Fascists held the view that rationalism produced a politics based on a government by consent, characterised by constitutionalism and the protection of human rights. Such systems were anathema to fascists, who saw liberal democracies as being weak and without direction 

Link 1 - Will to Action 

• These stances are also in accordance with the fascist desire for heroic, decisive action in the name of the state, behaviour that could be easily realised through "sloppy" democracies operating via a consensus. Such views are encapsulated in the fascist "will to action."

Link 2 - Liberalism's "failed" approach to the Economy 

• Liberalism (a product of rationalism) underpinned capitalism, an economic system that brought about economic depression in the inter-war years which those on the far right also blame for the banking crisis and economic recessions of recent times. 

Links to Theorists

• Sorel -"political myths" - e.g. General Strikes as an "expression of the will"
• Bergson - vitalism  - give expression to life forces 
• "Fascism gave political expression to the most extreme forms of counter-Enlightenment thinking."  Heywood
• Mussolini and Hitler were only interested in ideas and theories of power - "to elicit an emotional response and spur the masses into action." therefore emphasised to "politics of the will" (Nietzsche)

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Fascism Essay Response: Explain the Significance of the "Cult of Personality" in Fascism

Explain the Significance of the "Cult of Personality" in Fascism. (10 Marks)

Break the question down: 

Define & Explain

• Fascists reject the liberal idea of limited government based on constitutionalism and consent. 
• Instead, fascists favour authoritarian leadership and a strong state
• These views accrue from the fascist belief that, throughout history, humans have always been ruled by dominant individuals and that such individuals stand apart from the masses who follow them
• Such leaders relate to their nations in almost mythical ways, personifying and articulating their aspirations beyond the constraints created by liberal, bourgeois political systems. These cult figures re ore than mere politicians - they are what Nietzsche called "Ubermensch" or "Supermen"

Link 1 - Charismatic leadership

• This is because they possess CHARISMA - they are powerful, omnipotent figures who reveal clear martial virtues such as honour and courage, traits which produce unquestioning reverence from followers towards their leaders and a belief in the infallibility of the leader's vision
• The idea of the supreme leader linked to a "distinctively fascist, if inverted nation of democratic rule."
• Nietzsche's Ubermensch rises above the "herd instinct" of conventional morality and lives according to their own will and desire. 

Link 2 - Theory of Supreme and Unquestionable Leadership

• Fascists turned the idea into a theory of supreme and unquestionable leadership. Hitler ditched the traditional ties of political leadership and had the German army swear their oath of loyalty to him "Der Fuhrer" in order to distance himself from any previous idea of constitutionally related leadership
• This links back to charismatic leadership - Max Weber's term "legal rational" authority operates in a framework of laws or rules; charismatic authority is potentially unlimited. This can be seen in the Nuremberg Rallies - "Adolf Hitler is in Germany. Germany is Adolf Hitler."

This is not a mark scheme for the question, its just ideas of what you could use. This is the structure I used for 10 mark questions, but you can use whatever is most suitable for you. A-levels are about independent learning - i.e. you can answer a question in anyway that is easiest for you and gains you the best marks. There is no strict structure you have to follow, just follow what suits you best! 

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